Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. ![]() cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Enzymes (158) transporters (7) Show 165 proteins Record InformationĬyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety.
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